29 أغسطس 2026
Breast cancer brain metastasis immunomodulation
This article investigates astrocyte–breast cancer cell interactions in breast cancer brain metastasis, focusing on the CCL2-CCR2/CCR4 pathway and combination approaches involving PD-1/PD-L1 or P-selectin/PSGL-1 immunomodulation using 2D cultures, 3D tumour models, tissue analyses and animal models.
علم الأورام|אונקולוגיה|Oncology
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